In complex sentences asyndetic coordination is the norm.Ĭoordination is used more often than subordination, repeated use of conjunction and is a sign of spontaneity rather than an expressive device.Įxtensive use of ellipsis, including the subject of the sentence e.g. Use of echo questions, parallel structures, repetitions of various kinds. to turn in instead of to go to bed.ĭialogues are usually of the question-answer type. baldish, mawkish, moody, hanky-panky, helter-skelter, plates of meet (feet), okeydoke,Įxtensive use of collocations and phrasal verbs instead of neutral and literary equivalents: e.g. Use of evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological and phonetic analogy with other nominal words: e. you hear me?Įmphasis on intonation as a powerful semantic and styUstic instrument capable to render subtle nuances of thought and feeling. Omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo, e.g. Use of reduced and contracted forms, e.g. gonna instead of going to, whatcha instead of what do you, dunno instead of don't know. Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.Ĭasual and often careless pronunciation, use of deviant forms, e. Prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms (letters, presentations, articles, interviews). Use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.Ĭan be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc. Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon. Use of words of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh.Įxtensive use of phrasal verbs let sb down, put up with, stand sb up. Use of interjections and exclamations, e.
absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so. Use of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.Įxtensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers, e.g.
#FUNCTIONAL 2 WORD PHRASES TV#
fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice-cream, TV for television, CD for compact disk, etc. Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e. Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants' roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words.īasic stock of communicative vocabulary - stylistically neutral.
progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.ĭecomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context). Use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e. Prevalence of active and finite verb forms. Use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection. Syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm. Use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses. Use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes e. Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e. Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. Standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm, enunciation. A peculiar combination of these features and special emphasis on some of them creates the paradigm of what is called a scientific or publicist text, a legal or other official document, colloquial or formal speech. A description of five major functional styles given in this section is based on their most distinctive features on each level of the language structure: pnonetical (where possible), morphological, syntactical, lexical and compositional.
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